Science, the Beginning to the End

Lewis Dot Structure The Lewis Dot Structure rare atoms from networks of covalent bonds.  Drawing the Lewis Dot Structure Drawing the Lewis Dot Structure, will represent the atom’s chemical bond.  In this case I’ll be demonstrating what to do with Carbon (C)  First I’ll find the chemical symbol which is C. Then I’ll place it’s valence electrons around it. You can determine the amount of valence electrons from counting left to right on the Periodic Table of Elements until you get to Carbon. Doing this, you’ll count over spaces therefore there are 4 valence electrons.  All atoms have 4 cardinal sites which can create bonds with electrons; this is how it fills its octet or outer most shell. When we draw the valence electrons, we put them around the symbol not pair them up until we have to.  When elements are in the same group they will have similar looking Lewis Dot Structure because they have the same amount electrons.  Drawing Lewis Dot Structure for a molecule  Th

Balancing Chemical Equations Equations need to be balanced because matter cannot be created or destroyed only rearranged. When balancing equations it’s helpful to follow steps to make it easier.  Steps List the elements  Count the elements  Balance the metals Balance the nonmetallic except for Hydrogen and Oxygen  Balance Hydrogen and then Oxygen Solving an equation The equation is the picture above The first step is to list the elements  The second step is to count the elements  The small numbers (subscriptions) tell us how many there are. In (SO4)3, the 3 indicates that we are multiplying the all the elements that are inside the bracket by 3. There is one Sulphate inside the bracket so 1•3=3 therefore there are 3 sulphates. The Oxygen inside the bracket is multiplied by 4 because there is a 4 beside it but there is also a 3 outside the bracket so you would multiply it by 3 as well; 1•3•4=12. Don’t forget to add the Oxygen in KOH so 12+1=13 therefore there

Edwin Hubble and Albert Einstein with the Discovery of an Expanding Universe and the Beginning of the Universe  Edwin Hubble was a very good athlete in fact he was awarded with a scholarship to Oxford University in England. There he studied law. When he returned home he decided he did not want to be a lawyer and decided to become an astronomer. Edwin Hubble was an excellent astronomer despite his personality quarks.  Edwin Hubble discovered that Andromeda was 2 million light years away from us and meant that there were others galaxies themselves. Hubble’s discovery of the size of the universe and the multitude of the stars, changes our thought of the cosmos. This discovery made Edwin a great and well known astronomer.  Edwin Hubble continued to study many distant galaxies made an even greater discovery than his last.  For 5 years, he studied the movement of the galaxies, their whereabouts and their speed. In doing this he discovered the redshift and blueshift. Discovering

Redshift and Blueshift The redshift and blueshift light waves are very similar to the Doppler effect. When an object in space moves towards Earth the light waves compress into higher frequencies and shorter wavelengths; this is a blueshifted object. For redshift, the object in space moves away from the Earth; the light waves are stretched having longer wavelengths resulting in lower frequencies.  In the electromagnetic spectrum, the blue light has the highest frequency and the red light has lower frequency.  Most objects in the universe are redshifted because the universe is expanding. There are very few blueshifted stars, planets or galaxies in our universe. Andromeda which is the closest galaxy to us is blueshifted; it will eventually collide with the Milky Way.  Redshift can be measured by examining its absorption or emission lines in the spectrum. The lines are very unique for each atomic element and the lines always have the same amount of spacing between them. As obj

Doppler Effect  The Doppler Effect is related to frequency and wavelengths.  When an object movies through the air it disturbs the air transmitting the disturbances at the speed of sound. The sound moves as waves and depending on the wavelength it determines the frequency which gives the pitch of the object moving through the air. If the wavelength is short it will have a low frequency giving a higher pitch sound. If the wavelength is long, the frequency will be lower producing a duller pitch. The speed of the sound remains the same no matter the wavelength or frequency of the object passing through the air. It only depends on the state of the air or gas. When a sound source is moving through a uniform gas it will produce sound waves which moves at the speed of sound. The sound source moves slower than the speed of sound, the waves will move away from the source. When the sound source moves upwards in the direction of its motion, the waves will bunch up and the wavelength

Black Holes  A black hole is essentially a dead star that had such a great mass that when it died it formed something so gravitationally strong that light cannot even pass through it. It has so much gravity because the gravity is being squeezed together. A black hole is divided into two parts. The first part is called a singularity, which is the centre of the black hole. This part is believed to be incredibly dense because all its weight is combined into one point in space creating very strong gravity. The event horizon is the second part of the black hole. It gets effected by gravity meaning that anything that enters it will not escape. Spaghettification (which is the gravitational force compressing an object into a long thin shape) will also happen in the event horizon. Spaghettification Black holes take million years to develop. They are developed by stars dying. Stars that have hydrogen atoms collapse from a massive cloud of gas under its own gravity. The nucl

Newton’s Three Laws of Motion  Newton’s first law states that an object will stay at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line until a force is upon it. Newton’s second law states that all existing forces are not balanced. The acceleration of an object is dependent upon two variables. The two variables are, the force on the object and the constant mass and its acceleration of an object.  Newton’s third law states that for every action there’s an equal and opposite reaction.  Newton discovered his three laws by using his knowledge in math and physics. In 1686, he showed his three laws of motion to the “Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis”

Electromagnetism  Electromagnetism is the charge and the forces and the fields accompanied by charge. The two main aspects of electromagnetism is electricity and magnetism. A long time ago, electricity and magnetism were once thought to be different forces but in 1905, Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity portrayed that both have aspects of one common phenomenon; though both electric and magnetic forces are described by different equations and they both behave differently. Electric forces are produced by electric charges in motion or at rest. The magnetic forces are produced by moving charges and they act only on charges in motion. The responsibility of the electric force is the chemical and physical properties of atoms and molecules; it is even responsible for lightning and thunder! The electric force is very strong, it is stronger than gravity! This electric force can act in neutral matter because the forces act in individual components. The electric and magnetic forces can

Gravity What is Gravity? Well let me tell you, gravity is a force that draws objects to planets or other bodies. Gravity is the force that keeps planets orbiting around the sun. The Earth’s gravity is what makes things fall and what keeps us to the ground. The moon is gravitationally bound to the Earth. In 1666 at the age of 23, Isaac Newton developed the theories of gravitation. He was sitting under an Apple tree when an apple supposedly landed on his head. He wondered why the Apple fell straight to the ground rather than sideways or upwards which helped him discover his law of gravity. He then published his principle that states every body is attracted to other bodies with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and the distance between them.  Isaac Newton was the first to discover gravity and other scientists discovered more after him!  Gravity is mainly based on mass but also on other aspects as well.  Any object with a mass will have gravity but the

What was the centre of the Universe? Let’s take a trip back in time, how about the second century A.D when all the people thought that the Earth was the centre of the universe and the sun, the stars, the moons and the other planets orbited around it? Yes, a crazy thought but it is true, that is what people thought at the time. They knew no better to think that; there was no proof to tell them other wise. They observed the sun rising in the east and setting in the west, seeing the stars and planets to appear to move across the sky. Astronemers recorded the movements and Ptolemy created a complex system with circles within circles called epicycles, it was an accurate representation of the celestial patterns. Ptolemy’s model of an Earth centred universe. Now, let’s fast forward a few centuries to the sixteenth century when Nicolaus Copernicus proposed that the sun was the centre of the universe with all the stars, planets and the Earth orbiting around it. The problem was that Ptole

Science, the Beginning to the End Science, what exactly is it? Yes, we hear the term all the time in school but what do you think when you hear the word science? Well, I thought about chemical reactions with the big explosions, but that is not all. What about the dissagreements between Nicolaus Copernicus and the people with what was the centre of the universe? Don’t forget about the argument with Edwin Hubble and Albert Einstein about if there was a begginning to the universe or not. The scientific discoveries are ever changing and in doing so we can get greater knowledge about our world, our universe and ourselves.